Functions for Searching in Strings¶

All functions in this section search case-sensitively by default. Case-insensitive search is usually provided by separate function variants.

Case-insensitive search follows the lowercase-uppercase rules of the English language. E.g. Uppercased i in the English language is I whereas in the Turkish language it is İ - results for languages other than English may be unexpected.

Functions in this section also assume that the searched string (referred to in this section as haystack) and the search string (referred to in this section as needle) are single-byte encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and results are undefined. Search with UTF-8 encoded strings is usually provided by separate function variants. Likewise, if a UTF-8 function variant is used and the input strings are not UTF-8 encoded text, no exception is thrown and the results are undefined. Note that no automatic Unicode normalization is performed, however you can use the normalizeUTF8*() functions for that.

General strings functions and functions for replacing in strings are described separately.

position¶

Returns the position (in bytes, starting at 1) of a substring needle in a string haystack.

Syntax

position(haystack, needle[, start_pos])

Alias:

position(needle IN haystack)

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substring to be searched. String.
start_pos – Position (1-based) in haystack at which the search starts. UInt. Optional.

Returned value

Starting position in bytes and counting from 1, if the substring was found. UInt64.
0, if the substring was not found. UInt64.

If substring needle is empty, these rules apply:

if no start_pos was specified: return 1
if start_pos = 0: return 1
if start_pos >= 1 and start_pos <= length(haystack) + 1: return start_pos
otherwise: return 0

The same rules also apply to functions locate, positionCaseInsensitive, positionUTF8 and positionCaseInsensitiveUTF8.

Examples

Query:

SELECT position('Hello, world!', '!')

Result:

┌─position('Hello, world!', '!')─┐
│                             13 │
└────────────────────────────────┘

Example with start_pos argument:

Query:

SELECT
    position('Hello, world!', 'o', 1),
    position('Hello, world!', 'o', 7)

Result:

┌─position('Hello, world!', 'o', 1)─┬─position('Hello, world!', 'o', 7)─┐
│                                 5 │                                 9 │
└───────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────┘

Example for needle IN haystack syntax:

Query:

SELECT 6 = position('/' IN s) FROM (SELECT 'Hello/World' AS s)

Result:

┌─equals(6, position(s, '/'))─┐
│                           1 │
└─────────────────────────────┘

Examples with empty needle substring:

Query:

SELECT
    position('abc', ''),
    position('abc', '', 0),
    position('abc', '', 1),
    position('abc', '', 2),
    position('abc', '', 3),
    position('abc', '', 4),
    position('abc', '', 5)

Result:

┌─position('abc', '')─┬─position('abc', '', 0)─┬─position('abc', '', 1)─┬─position('abc', '', 2)─┬─position('abc', '', 3)─┬─position('abc', '', 4)─┬─position('abc', '', 5)─┐
│                   1 │                      1 │                      1 │                      2 │                      3 │                      4 │                      0 │
└─────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┘

locate¶

Like position but with arguments haystack and locate switched.

Syntax

locate(needle, haystack[, start_pos])

positionCaseInsensitive¶

A case insensitive invariant of position.

Example

Query:

SELECT positionCaseInsensitive('Hello, world!', 'hello')

Result:

┌─positionCaseInsensitive('Hello, world!', 'hello')─┐
│                                                 1 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

positionUTF8¶

Like position but assumes haystack and needle are UTF-8 encoded strings.

Examples

Function positionUTF8 correctly counts character ö (represented by two points) as a single Unicode codepoint:

Query:

SELECT positionUTF8('Motörhead', 'r')

Result:

┌─position('Motörhead', 'r')─┐
│                          5 │
└────────────────────────────┘

positionCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Like positionUTF8 but searches case-insensitively.

multiSearchAllPositions¶

Like position but returns an array of positions (in bytes, starting at 1) for multiple needle substrings in a haystack string.

All multiSearch*() functions only support up to 28 needles.

Syntax

multiSearchAllPositions(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Array of the starting position in bytes and counting from 1, if the substring was found.
0, if the substring was not found.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAllPositions('Hello, World!', ['hello', '!', 'world'])

Result:

┌─multiSearchAllPositions('Hello, World!', ['hello', '!', 'world'])─┐
│ [0,13,0]                                                          │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

multiSearchAllPositionsCaseInsensitive¶

Like multiSearchAllPositions but ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchAllPositionsCaseInsensitive(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Array of the starting position in bytes and counting from 1 (if the substring was found).
0 if the substring was not found.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAllPositionsCaseInsensitive('Tinybird',['c','h'])

Result:

["1","6"]

multiSearchAllPositionsUTF8¶

Like multiSearchAllPositions but assumes haystack and the needle substrings are UTF-8 encoded strings.

Syntax

multiSearchAllPositionsUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 encoded string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: UTF-8 encoded substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Array of the starting position in bytes and counting from 1 (if the substring was found).
0 if the substring was not found.

Example

Given Tinybird as a UTF-8 string, find the positions of C (\x43) and H (\x48).

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAllPositionsUTF8('\x43\x6c\x69\x63\x6b\x48\x6f\x75\x73\x65',['\x43','\x48'])

Result:

["1","6"]

multiSearchAllPositionsCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Like multiSearchAllPositionsUTF8 but ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchAllPositionsCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 encoded string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: UTF-8 encoded substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Array of the starting position in bytes and counting from 1 (if the substring was found).
0 if the substring was not found.

Example

Given Tinybird as a UTF-8 string, find the positions of c (\x63) and h (\x68).

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAllPositionsCaseInsensitiveUTF8('\x43\x6c\x69\x63\x6b\x48\x6f\x75\x73\x65',['\x63','\x68'])

Result:

["1","6"]

multiSearchFirstPosition¶

Like position but returns the leftmost offset in a haystack string which matches any of multiple needle strings.

Functions multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitive, multiSearchFirstPositionUTF8 and multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitiveUTF8 provide case-insensitive and/or UTF-8 variants of this function.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstPosition(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Leftmost offset in a haystack string which matches any of multiple needle strings.
0, if there was no match.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstPosition('Hello World',['llo', 'Wor', 'ld'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitive¶

Like multiSearchFirstPosition but ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitive(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Array of substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Leftmost offset in a haystack string which matches any of multiple needle strings.
0, if there was no match.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitive('HELLO WORLD',['wor', 'ld', 'ello'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstPositionUTF8¶

Like multiSearchFirstPosition but assumes haystack and needle to be UTF-8 strings.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstPositionUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Array of UTF-8 substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

Leftmost offset in a haystack string which matches any of multiple needle strings.
0, if there was no match.

Example

Find the leftmost offset in UTF-8 string hello world which matches any of the given needles.

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstPositionUTF8('\x68\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f\x20\x77\x6f\x72\x6c\x64',['wor', 'ld', 'ello'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Like multiSearchFirstPosition but assumes haystack and needle to be UTF-8 strings and ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Array of UTF-8 substrings to be searched. Array

Returned value

Leftmost offset in a haystack string which matches any of multiple needle strings, ignoring case.
0, if there was no match.

Example

Find the leftmost offset in UTF-8 string HELLO WORLD which matches any of the given needles.

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstPositionCaseInsensitiveUTF8('\x48\x45\x4c\x4c\x4f\x20\x57\x4f\x52\x4c\x44',['wor', 'ld', 'ello'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstIndex¶

Returns the index i (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needlei in the string haystack and 0 otherwise.

Functions multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitive, multiSearchFirstIndexUTF8 and multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitiveUTF8 provide case-insensitive and/or UTF-8 variants of this function.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstIndex(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

index (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needle. Otherwise 0, if there was no match. UInt8.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstIndex('Hello World',['World','Hello'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitive¶

Returns the index i (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needlei in the string haystack and 0 otherwise. Ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitive(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

index (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needle. Otherwise 0, if there was no match. UInt8.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitive('hElLo WoRlD',['World','Hello'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstIndexUTF8¶

Returns the index i (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needlei in the string haystack and 0 otherwise. Assumes haystack and needle are UTF-8 encoded strings.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstIndexUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Array of UTF-8 substrings to be searched. Array

Returned value

index (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needle, Otherwise 0, if there was no match. UInt8.

Example

Given Hello World as a UTF-8 string, find the first index of UTF-8 strings Hello and World.

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstIndexUTF8('\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f\x20\x57\x6f\x72\x6c\x64',['\x57\x6f\x72\x6c\x64','\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f'])

Result:

multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Returns the index i (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needlei in the string haystack and 0 otherwise. Assumes haystack and needle are UTF-8 encoded strings. Ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Array of UTF-8 substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

index (starting from 1) of the leftmost found needle. Otherwise 0, if there was no match. UInt8.

Example

Given HELLO WORLD as a UTF-8 string, find the first index of UTF-8 strings hello and world.

Query:

SELECT multiSearchFirstIndexCaseInsensitiveUTF8('\x48\x45\x4c\x4c\x4f\x20\x57\x4f\x52\x4c\x44',['\x68\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f','\x77\x6f\x72\x6c\x64'])

Result:

multiSearchAny¶

Returns 1, if at least one string needlei matches the string haystack and 0 otherwise.

Functions multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitive, multiSearchAnyUTF8 and multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitiveUTF8 provide case-insensitive and/or UTF-8 variants of this function.

Syntax

multiSearchAny(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

1, if there was at least one match.
0, if there was not at least one match.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAny('Tinybird',['C','H'])

Result:

multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitive¶

Like multiSearchAny but ignores case.

Syntax

multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitive(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substrings to be searched. Array

Returned value

1, if there was at least one case-insensitive match.
0, if there was not at least one case-insensitive match.

Example

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitive('Tinybird',['c','h'])

Result:

multiSearchAnyUTF8¶

Like multiSearchAny but assumes haystack and the needle substrings are UTF-8 encoded strings.

Syntax*

multiSearchAnyUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: UTF-8 substrings to be searched. Array.

Returned value

1, if there was at least one match.
0, if there was not at least one match.

Example

Given Tinybird as a UTF-8 string, check if there are any C ('\x43') or H ('\x48') letters in the word.

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAnyUTF8('\x43\x6c\x69\x63\x6b\x48\x6f\x75\x73\x65',['\x43','\x48'])

Result:

multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Like multiSearchAnyUTF8 but ignores case.

Syntax*

multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])

### Parameters

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: UTF-8 substrings to be searched. Array

Returned value

1, if there was at least one case-insensitive match.
0, if there was not at least one case-insensitive match.

Example

Given Tinybird as a UTF-8 string, check if there is any letter h(\x68) in the word, ignoring case.

Query:

SELECT multiSearchAnyCaseInsensitiveUTF8('\x43\x6c\x69\x63\x6b\x48\x6f\x75\x73\x65',['\x68'])

Result:

match¶

Returns whether string haystack matches the regular expression pattern in re2 regular expression syntax.

Matching is based on UTF-8, e.g. . matches the Unicode code point ¥ which is represented in UTF-8 using two bytes. The regular expression must not contain null bytes. If the haystack or the pattern are not valid UTF-8, then the behavior is undefined.

Unlike re2's default behavior, . matches line breaks. To disable this, prepend the pattern with (?-s).

If you only want to search substrings in a string, you can use functions like or position instead - they work much faster than this function.

Syntax

match(haystack, pattern)

Alias: haystack REGEXP pattern operator

multiMatchAny¶

Like match but returns 1 if at least one of the patterns match and 0 otherwise.

If you only want to search multiple substrings in a string, you can use function multiSearchAny instead - it works much faster than this function.

Syntax

multiMatchAny(haystack, \[pattern<sub>1</sub>, pattern<sub>2</sub>, ..., pattern<sub>n</sub>\])

multiMatchAnyIndex¶

Like multiMatchAny but returns any index that matches the haystack.

Syntax

multiMatchAnyIndex(haystack, \[pattern<sub>1</sub>, pattern<sub>2</sub>, ..., pattern<sub>n</sub>\])

multiMatchAllIndices¶

Like multiMatchAny but returns the array of all indices that match the haystack in any order.

Syntax

multiMatchAllIndices(haystack, \[pattern<sub>1</sub>, pattern<sub>2</sub>, ..., pattern<sub>n</sub>\])

multiFuzzyMatchAny¶

Like multiMatchAny but returns 1 if any pattern matches the haystack within a constant edit distance. This function relies on the experimental feature of hyperscan library, and can be slow for some corner cases. The performance depends on the edit distance value and patterns used, but it's always more expensive compared to a non-fuzzy variants.

multiFuzzyMatch*() function family do not support UTF-8 regular expressions (it threats them as a sequence of bytes) due to restrictions of hyperscan.

Syntax

multiFuzzyMatchAny(haystack, distance, \[pattern<sub>1</sub>, pattern<sub>2</sub>, ..., pattern<sub>n</sub>\])

multiFuzzyMatchAnyIndex¶

Like multiFuzzyMatchAny but returns any index that matches the haystack within a constant edit distance.

Syntax

multiFuzzyMatchAnyIndex(haystack, distance, \[pattern<sub>1</sub>, pattern<sub>2</sub>, ..., pattern<sub>n</sub>\])

multiFuzzyMatchAllIndices¶

Like multiFuzzyMatchAny but returns the array of all indices in any order that match the haystack within a constant edit distance.

Syntax

multiFuzzyMatchAllIndices(haystack, distance, \[pattern<sub>1</sub>, pattern<sub>2</sub>, ..., pattern<sub>n</sub>\])

extract¶

Returns the first match of a regular expression in a string. If haystack does not match the pattern regex, an empty string is returned.

If the regular expression has capturing groups, the function matches the input string against the first capturing group.

Syntax

extract(haystack, pattern)

Arguments*

haystack: Input string. String.
pattern: Regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax.

Returned value

The first match of the regular expression in the haystack string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT extract('number: 1, number: 2, number: 3', '\\d+') AS result

Result:

┌─result─┐
│ 1      │
└────────┘

extractAll¶

Returns an array of all matches of a regular expression in a string. If haystack does not match the pattern regex, an empty string is returned.

The behavior with respect to sub-patterns is the same as in function extract.

Syntax

extractAll(haystack, pattern)

Arguments*

haystack: Input string. String.
pattern: Regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax.

Returned value

Array of matches of the regular expression in the haystack string. Array(String).

Example

Query:

SELECT extractAll('number: 1, number: 2, number: 3', '\\d+') AS result

Result:

┌─result────────┐
│ ['1','2','3'] │
└───────────────┘

extractAllGroupsHorizontal¶

Matches all groups of the haystack string using the pattern regular expression. Returns an array of arrays, where the first array includes all fragments matching the first group, the second array - matching the second group, etc.

This function is slower than extractAllGroupsVertical.

Syntax

extractAllGroupsHorizontal(haystack, pattern)

Arguments

haystack: Input string. String.
pattern: Regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax. Must contain groups, each group enclosed in parentheses. If pattern contains no groups, an exception is thrown. String.

Returned value

Array of arrays of matches. Array.

If haystack does not match the pattern regex, an array of empty arrays is returned.

Example

SELECT extractAllGroupsHorizontal('abc=111, def=222, ghi=333', '("[^"]+"|\\w+)=("[^"]+"|\\w+)')

Result:

┌─extractAllGroupsHorizontal('abc=111, def=222, ghi=333', '("[^"]+"|\\w+)=("[^"]+"|\\w+)')─┐
│ [['abc','def','ghi'],['111','222','333']]                                                │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

extractGroups¶

Match all groups of given input string with a given regular expression, returns an array of arrays of matches.

Syntax

extractGroups(haystack, pattern)

Arguments

haystack: Input string. String.
pattern: Regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax. Must contain groups, each group enclosed in parentheses. If pattern contains no groups, an exception is thrown. String.

Returned value

Array of arrays of matches. Array.

Example

SELECT extractGroups('hello abc=111 world', '("[^"]+"|\\w+)=("[^"]+"|\\w+)') AS result

Result:

┌─result────────┐
│ ['abc','111'] │
└───────────────┘

extractAllGroupsVertical¶

Matches all groups of the haystack string using the pattern regular expression. Returns an array of arrays, where each array includes matching fragments from every group. Fragments are grouped in order of appearance in the haystack.

Syntax

extractAllGroupsVertical(haystack, pattern)

Arguments

haystack: Input string. String.
pattern: Regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax. Must contain groups, each group enclosed in parentheses. If pattern contains no groups, an exception is thrown. String.

Returned value

Array of arrays of matches. Array.

If haystack does not match the pattern regex, an empty array is returned.

Example

SELECT extractAllGroupsVertical('abc=111, def=222, ghi=333', '("[^"]+"|\\w+)=("[^"]+"|\\w+)')

Result:

┌─extractAllGroupsVertical('abc=111, def=222, ghi=333', '("[^"]+"|\\w+)=("[^"]+"|\\w+)')─┐
│ [['abc','111'],['def','222'],['ghi','333']]                                            │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

like¶

Returns whether string haystack matches the LIKE expression pattern.

A LIKE expression can contain normal characters and the following metasymbols:

% indicates an arbitrary number of arbitrary characters (including zero characters).
_ indicates a single arbitrary character.
\ is for escaping literals %, _ and \.

Matching is based on UTF-8, e.g. _ matches the Unicode code point ¥ which is represented in UTF-8 using two bytes.

If the haystack or the LIKE expression are not valid UTF-8, the behavior is undefined.

No automatic Unicode normalization is performed, you can use the normalizeUTF8*() functions for that.

To match against literal %, _ and \ (which are LIKE metacharacters), prepend them with a backslash: \%, \_ and \\. The backslash loses its special meaning (i.e. is interpreted literally) if it prepends a character different than %, _ or \.

For LIKE expressions of the form %needle%, the function is as fast as the position function. All other LIKE expressions are internally converted to a regular expression and executed with a performance similar to function match.

Syntax

like(haystack, pattern)

Alias: haystack LIKE pattern (operator)

notLike¶

Like like but negates the result.

Alias: haystack NOT LIKE pattern (operator)

ilike¶

Like like but searches case-insensitively.

Alias: haystack ILIKE pattern (operator)

notILike¶

Like ilike but negates the result.

Alias: haystack NOT ILIKE pattern (operator)

ngramDistance¶

Calculates the 4-gram distance between a haystack string and a needle string. For this, it counts the symmetric difference between two multisets of 4-grams and normalizes it by the sum of their cardinalities. Returns a Float32 between 0 and 1. The smaller the result is, the more similar the strings are to each other.

Functions ngramDistanceCaseInsensitive, ngramDistanceUTF8, ngramDistanceCaseInsensitiveUTF8 provide case-insensitive and/or UTF-8 variants of this function.

Syntax

ngramDistance(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First comparison string. String literal
needle: Second comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the similarity between the two strings. Float32

Implementation details

This function will throw an exception if constant needle or haystack arguments are more than 32Kb in size. If any non-constant haystack or needle arguments are more than 32Kb in size, then the distance is always 1.

Examples

The more similar two strings are to each other, the closer the result will be to 0 (identical).

Query:

SELECT ngramDistance('Tinybird','Tinybird!')

Result:

0.06666667

The less similar two strings are to each, the larger the result will be.

Query:

SELECT ngramDistance('Tinybird','House')

Result:

0.5555556

ngramDistanceCaseInsensitive¶

Provides a case-insensitive variant of ngramDistance.

Syntax

ngramDistanceCaseInsensitive(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First comparison string. String literal
needle: Second comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the similarity between the two strings. Float32

Examples

With ngramDistance differences in case will affect the similarity value:

Query:

SELECT ngramDistance('Tinybird','tinybird')

Result:

0.71428573

With ngramDistanceCaseInsensitive case is ignored so two identical strings differing only in case will now return a low similarity value:

Query:

SELECT ngramDistanceCaseInsensitive('Tinybird','tinybird')

Result:

ngramDistanceUTF8¶

Provides a UTF-8 variant of ngramDistance. Assumes that needle and haystack strings are UTF-8 encoded strings.

Syntax

ngramDistanceUTF8(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal
needle: Second UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the similarity between the two strings. Float32

Example

Query:

SELECT ngramDistanceUTF8('abcde','cde')

Result:

0.5

ngramDistanceCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Provides a case-insensitive variant of ngramDistanceUTF8.

Syntax

ngramDistanceCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal
needle: Second UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the similarity between the two strings. Float32

Example

Query:

SELECT ngramDistanceCaseInsensitiveUTF8('abcde','CDE')

Result:

0.5

ngramSearch¶

Like ngramDistance but calculates the non-symmetric difference between a needle string and a haystack string, i.e. the number of n-grams from the needle minus the common number of n-grams normalized by the number of needle n-grams. Returns a Float32 between 0 and 1. The bigger the result is, the more likely needle is in the haystack. This function is useful for fuzzy string search. Also see function soundex.

Functions ngramSearchCaseInsensitive, ngramSearchUTF8, ngramSearchCaseInsensitiveUTF8 provide case-insensitive and/or UTF-8 variants of this function.

Syntax

ngramSearch(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First comparison string. String literal
needle: Second comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the likelihood of the needle being in the haystack. Float32

Implementation details

The UTF-8 variants use the 3-gram distance. These are not perfectly fair n-gram distances. We use 2-byte hashes to hash n-grams and then calculate the (non-)symmetric difference between these hash tables – collisions may occur. With UTF-8 case-insensitive format we do not use fair tolower function – we zero the 5-th bit (starting from zero) of each codepoint byte and first bit of zeroth byte if bytes more than one – this works for Latin and mostly for all Cyrillic letters.

Example

Query:

SELECT ngramSearch('Hello World','World Hello')

Result:

0.5

ngramSearchCaseInsensitive¶

Provides a case-insensitive variant of ngramSearch.

Syntax

ngramSearchCaseInsensitive(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First comparison string. String literal
needle: Second comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the likelihood of the needle being in the haystack. Float32

The bigger the result is, the more likely needle is in the haystack.

Example

Query:

SELECT ngramSearchCaseInsensitive('Hello World','hello')

Result:

ngramSearchUTF8¶

Provides a UTF-8 variant of ngramSearch in which needle and haystack are assumed to be UTF-8 encoded strings.

Syntax

ngramSearchUTF8(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal
needle: Second UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the likelihood of the needle being in the haystack. Float32

The bigger the result is, the more likely needle is in the haystack.

Example

Query:

SELECT ngramSearchUTF8('абвгдеёжз', 'гдеёзд')

Result:

0.5

ngramSearchCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Provides a case-insensitive variant of ngramSearchUTF8 in which needle and haystack.

Syntax

ngramSearchCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, needle)

### Parameters

haystack: First UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal
needle: Second UTF-8 encoded comparison string. String literal

Returned value

Value between 0 and 1 representing the likelihood of the needle being in the haystack. Float32

The bigger the result is, the more likely needle is in the haystack.

Example

Query:

SELECT ngramSearchCaseInsensitiveUTF8('абвГДЕёжз', 'АбвгдЕЁжз')

Result:

0.57142854

countSubstrings¶

Returns how often a substring needle occurs in a string haystack.

Functions countSubstringsCaseInsensitive and countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8 provide case-insensitive and case-insensitive + UTF-8 variants of this function respectively.

Syntax

countSubstrings(haystack, needle[, start_pos])

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substring to be searched. String.
start_pos – Position (1-based) in haystack at which the search starts. UInt. Optional.

Returned value

The number of occurrences. UInt64.

Examples

SELECT countSubstrings('aaaa', 'aa')

Result:

┌─countSubstrings('aaaa', 'aa')─┐
│                             2 │
└───────────────────────────────┘

Example with start_pos argument:

SELECT countSubstrings('abc___abc', 'abc', 4)

Result:

┌─countSubstrings('abc___abc', 'abc', 4)─┐
│                                      1 │
└────────────────────────────────────────┘

countSubstringsCaseInsensitive¶

Returns how often a substring needle occurs in a string haystack. Ignores case.

Syntax

countSubstringsCaseInsensitive(haystack, needle[, start_pos])

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substring to be searched. String.
start_pos – Position (1-based) in haystack at which the search starts. UInt. Optional.

Returned value

The number of occurrences. UInt64.

Examples

Query:

SELECT countSubstringsCaseInsensitive('AAAA', 'aa')

Result:

┌─countSubstringsCaseInsensitive('AAAA', 'aa')─┐
│                                            2 │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Example with start_pos argument:

Query:

SELECT countSubstringsCaseInsensitive('abc___ABC___abc', 'abc', 4)

Result:

┌─countSubstringsCaseInsensitive('abc___ABC___abc', 'abc', 4)─┐
│                                                           2 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Returns how often a substring needle occurs in a string haystack. Ignores case and assumes that haystack is a UTF8 string.

Syntax

countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, needle[, start_pos])

Arguments

haystack: UTF-8 string in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Substring to be searched. String.
start_pos – Position (1-based) in haystack at which the search starts. UInt. Optional.

Returned value

The number of occurrences. UInt64.

Examples

Query:

SELECT countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8('ложка, кошка, картошка', 'КА')

Result:

┌─countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8('ложка, кошка, картошка', 'КА')─┐
│                                                                  4 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Example with start_pos argument:

Query:

SELECT countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8('ложка, кошка, картошка', 'КА', 13)

Result:

┌─countSubstringsCaseInsensitiveUTF8('ложка, кошка, картошка', 'КА', 13)─┐
│                                                                      2 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

countMatches¶

Returns the number of regular expression matches for a pattern in a haystack.

Syntax

countMatches(haystack, pattern)

Arguments

haystack: The string to search in. String.
pattern: The regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax. String.

Returned value

The number of matches. UInt64.

Examples

SELECT countMatches('foobar.com', 'o+')

Result:

┌─countMatches('foobar.com', 'o+')─┐
│                                2 │
└──────────────────────────────────┘

SELECT countMatches('aaaa', 'aa')

Result:

┌─countMatches('aaaa', 'aa')────┐
│                             2 │
└───────────────────────────────┘

countMatchesCaseInsensitive¶

Returns the number of regular expression matches for a pattern in a haystack like countMatches but matching ignores the case.

Syntax

countMatchesCaseInsensitive(haystack, pattern)

Arguments

haystack: The string to search in. String.
pattern: The regular expression with re2 regular expression syntax. String.

Returned value

The number of matches. UInt64.

Examples

Query:

SELECT countMatchesCaseInsensitive('AAAA', 'aa')

Result:

┌─countMatchesCaseInsensitive('AAAA', 'aa')────┐
│                                            2 │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘

regexpExtract¶

Extracts the first string in haystack that matches the regexp pattern and corresponds to the regex group index.

Syntax

regexpExtract(haystack, pattern[, index])

Alias: REGEXP_EXTRACT(haystack, pattern[, index]).

Arguments

haystack: String, in which regexp pattern will to be matched. String.
pattern: String, regexp expression, must be constant. String.
index – An integer number greater or equal 0 with default 1. It represents which regex group to extract. UInt or Int. Optional.

Returned value

pattern may contain multiple regexp groups, index indicates which regex group to extract. An index of 0 means matching the entire regular expression. String.

Examples

SELECT
    regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 1),
    regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 2),
    regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 0),
    regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)')

Result:

┌─regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 1)─┬─regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 2)─┬─regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 0)─┬─regexpExtract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)')─┐
│ 100                                          │ 200                                          │ 100-200                                      │ 100                                       │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────┘

hasSubsequence¶

Returns 1 if needle is a subsequence of haystack, or 0 otherwise. A subsequence of a string is a sequence that can be derived from the given string by deleting zero or more elements without changing the order of the remaining elements.

Syntax

hasSubsequence(haystack, needle)

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Subsequence to be searched. String.

Returned value

1, if needle is a subsequence of haystack, 0 otherwise. UInt8.

Examples

Query:

SELECT hasSubsequence('garbage', 'arg')

Result:

┌─hasSubsequence('garbage', 'arg')─┐
│                                1 │
└──────────────────────────────────┘

hasSubsequenceCaseInsensitive¶

Like hasSubsequence but searches case-insensitively.

Syntax

hasSubsequenceCaseInsensitive(haystack, needle)

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
needle: Subsequence to be searched. String.

Returned value

1, if needle is a subsequence of haystack, 0 otherwise UInt8.

Examples

Query:

SELECT hasSubsequenceCaseInsensitive('garbage', 'ARG')

Result:

┌─hasSubsequenceCaseInsensitive('garbage', 'ARG')─┐
│                                               1 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

hasSubsequenceUTF8¶

Like hasSubsequence but assumes haystack and needle are UTF-8 encoded strings.

Syntax

hasSubsequenceUTF8(haystack, needle)

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. UTF-8 encoded String.
needle: Subsequence to be searched. UTF-8 encoded String.

Returned value

1, if needle is a subsequence of haystack, 0, otherwise. UInt8.

hasSubsequenceCaseInsensitiveUTF8¶

Like hasSubsequenceUTF8 but searches case-insensitively.

Syntax

hasSubsequenceCaseInsensitiveUTF8(haystack, needle)

Arguments

haystack: String in which the search is performed. UTF-8 encoded String.
needle: Subsequence to be searched. UTF-8 encoded String.

Returned value

1, if needle is a subsequence of haystack, 0 otherwise. UInt8.

hasToken¶

Returns 1 if a given token is present in a haystack, or 0 otherwise.

Syntax

hasToken(haystack, token)

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
token: Maximal length substring between two non alphanumeric ASCII characters (or boundaries of haystack).

Returned value

1, if the token is present in the haystack, 0 otherwise. UInt8.

Implementation details

Token must be a constant string. Supported by tokenbf_v1 index specialization.

Example

Query:

SELECT hasToken('Hello World','Hello')

hasTokenOrNull¶

Returns 1 if a given token is present, 0 if not present, and null if the token is ill-formed.

Syntax

hasTokenOrNull(haystack, token)

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
token: Maximal length substring between two non alphanumeric ASCII characters (or boundaries of haystack).

Returned value

1, if the token is present in the haystack, 0 if it is not present, and null if the token is ill formed.

Implementation details

Token must be a constant string. Supported by tokenbf_v1 index specialization.

Example

Where hasToken would throw an error for an ill-formed token, hasTokenOrNull returns null for an ill-formed token.

Query:

SELECT hasTokenOrNull('Hello World','Hello,World')

null

hasTokenCaseInsensitive¶

Returns 1 if a given token is present in a haystack, 0 otherwise. Ignores case.

Syntax

hasTokenCaseInsensitive(haystack, token)

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
token: Maximal length substring between two non alphanumeric ASCII characters (or boundaries of haystack).

Returned value

1, if the token is present in the haystack, 0 otherwise. UInt8.

Implementation details

Token must be a constant string. Supported by tokenbf_v1 index specialization.

Example

Query:

SELECT hasTokenCaseInsensitive('Hello World','hello')

hasTokenCaseInsensitiveOrNull¶

Returns 1 if a given token is present in a haystack, 0 otherwise. Ignores case and returns null if the token is ill-formed.

Syntax

hasTokenCaseInsensitiveOrNull(haystack, token)

### Parameters

haystack: String in which the search is performed. String.
token: Maximal length substring between two non alphanumeric ASCII characters (or boundaries of haystack).

Returned value

1, if the token is present in the haystack, 0 if the token is not present, otherwise null if the token is ill-formed. UInt8.

Implementation details

Token must be a constant string. Supported by tokenbf_v1 index specialization.

Example

Where hasTokenCaseInsensitive would throw an error for an ill-formed token, hasTokenCaseInsensitiveOrNull returns null for an ill-formed token.

Query:

SELECT hasTokenCaseInsensitiveOrNull('Hello World','hello,world')

null